Millennium Prize Problems
Five open problems from Clay’s famous prize program, linking mathematics with computation and mathematical physics.
5 problemsCollections
Selected problems that share a subject or a research tradition. Each leads to its own overview and sources.
Within Physics · All collections
The observed universe
Unseen matter, cosmic expansion, energetic particles, and brief radio flashes.
40 problemsQuantum foundations
Measurement, gravity, and black holes challenge our account of quantum physics.
10 problemsEnergy and materials
Generating, storing, and converting energy demands both physical understanding and workable devices.
33 problemsInside planets and stars
Composition, structure and internal dynamics of planets and stars.
37 problemsStellar explosions
How stars explode, what they leave behind, and where heavy elements form.
5 problemsEarth’s interior
Structure, water and rock chemistry, magnetic-field power, and seismic signals from deep inside Earth.
8 problemsQuantum matter
Superconductivity, charge order, fractional excitations, and slow quantum dynamics.
11 problemsStars and stellar remnants
Rotation, magnetic fields, cluster chemistry and the remnants of stellar evolution.
14 problemsPlanets and rings
Planet formation, atmospheres, thermal histories, distant orbits and Saturn’s moons and rings.
15 problemsQuarks and nuclear matter
Hadronic structure, magnetic-moment inputs and collective behavior in particle collisions.
7 problemsClimate and atmosphere
Past climate shifts, cloud feedbacks, atmospheric mixing and the future of ice sheets.
7 problemsNeutrinos
Their masses, matter–antimatter behavior and interactions with nuclei.
5 problemsEarth history
Missing rock, rising oxygen, abrupt warming and a changing Mediterranean: reconstruct Earth’s past from traces it left behind.
6 problems